Field systems and earthworks at Grassington
This is a placeholder for the introduction page for our Guide to recognising and understanding landscape features
Jan 23
Guide – Landscape Features: Drainage Gullies
A typical modern looking field drain
Contents
Identifying and Interpreting Field Drainage Gullies
When conducting a field walk, it’s essential to be able to identify and interpret the various types of features that appear on the landscape. One common feature you might encounter is a drainage gully—a shallow ditch or channel, often running across fields, which is used to direct water away from certain areas. While their purpose is apparently straightforward, their identification and dating can sometimes be tricky, especially given how many forms of field drainage have existed throughout history.
What is a Drainage Gully?
A drainage gully is typically a shallow ditch that is designed to improve the drainage of the land. These features are especially common in fields with boggy or poorly-drained soils, where water needs to be diverted to improve growing conditions or allow easier access for farming and livestock. Drainage gullies can often be seen running parallel across a field, either in a single line or multiple lines, depending on the landscape’s needs.
In our image, you can see a typical, but basic recreation of a drainage gully, with its u-shaped profile about 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep. The gully’s edges are often marked by slightly darker soil, where water has compacted the earth over time. These gullies can often appear as straight lines, which may be indicative of more modern drainage work, as machinery tends to favour straight lines when digging ditches. However, this is not a fool proof indicator of the gully’s age or origin.
The Challenge of Dating Drainage Gullies
Dating drainage gullies can be particularly challenging. Unlike structures like Roman roads or Iron Age hillforts, which can often be identified by distinctive markers or construction techniques, drainage gullies are less likely to have overt signs of their age.
Straight Lines: One of the most common assumptions when trying to date a drainage gully is to look at how straight the line of the gully is. A very straight line suggests that the feature was most likely dug using modern machinery, which tends to follow exact lines. This is often the case for features visible in fields with modern ploughing and drainage systems.
Ancient Drainage: However, the presence of straight lines in ancient drainage systems should not be dismissed outright. Even Roman and Iron Age engineers were capable of creating straight lines, and the idea that these ancient peoples lacked the technology to create precision-based features is outdated. Evidence from Roman roads, aqueducts, and even ancient drainage systems shows that straight-line construction was a hallmark of their civil engineering skills. Therefore, when dealing with ancient field drainage, you must also consider other factors, such as location, site context, and any associated artifacts found nearby.
Modern Features: In general, the modern drainage gullies are more likely to be machine-cut, with very regular profiles and straight lines. In areas where agriculture is heavily mechanized, such as lowland areas or regions with significant fieldworks, it is more probable that the gullies date to the 20th century or later.
Drainage Gullies as Boundary Markers
Another important aspect of drainage gullies is their potential role as boundary markers. In many cases, a drainage gully may have been deliberately placed to not only manage water flow but also to mark the limits of land ownership or field boundaries. This is especially true in areas where land division was a prominent feature of ancient agricultural landscapes.
- Roman and Iron Age: During the Roman and Iron Age periods, boundaries were a significant aspect of land management. It is not uncommon to find evidence of both drainage systems and boundary markers in the same regions, particularly in agricultural zones. A drainage gully could easily have served as a practical feature while also denoting the limits of a farm, estate, or tribal territory.
- Modern Boundaries: In more recent times, drainage gullies continue to play an important role in defining boundaries, especially in areas where they may have been laid out during land reclamation projects in the 18th or 19th centuries.
Interpretation of Drainage Features in Fieldwalking
When you encounter a drainage gully during a field walk, here are a few important steps to help you interpret its possible origin:
Examine the Line: Is the line of the gully straight or curving? A straight line may suggest modern machinery, but also consider the possibility of ancient engineering.
Check the Depth and Shape: The profile of the gully can tell you a lot. Modern drainage ditches are often V-shaped or U-shaped, but older features may have a more irregular profile.
Look for Associated Features: Are there other field markers, such as stone walls, boundary stones, or ancient tracks, near the gully? The presence of these could indicate a much older origin.
Artifact Evidence: If you find pottery, tools, or other artifacts near the drainage feature, this can help date the site and provide further context to your interpretation.
Conclusion: Recognizing the Importance of Drainage Gullies
Drainage gullies are often overlooked, but they can be key to understanding the landscape’s history, the agricultural practices of past peoples, and even territorial boundaries. While modern features are more likely to have straight lines, it’s crucial not to dismiss the possibility of ancient drainage systems that were engineered with precision.
When walking a field, take time to recognize these features not just as evidence of agricultural management, but as markers of how landscapes were shaped by both ancient and modern practices. As you collect evidence, always approach with an open mind and an eye for context, ensuring that every feature—whether ancient or modern—can contribute to a deeper understanding of the past.
Jan 23
Guide – The Flora and Fauna of Prehistoric Britain
Contents
The Flora and Fauna of Prehistoric Britain: A Global and Local Perspective
Before we delve into the appearance of humans on the landscape, it’s important to understand the flora and fauna that dominated the earth, and particularly Britain, during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. The development of ecosystems in prehistoric times was heavily influenced by the global climatic shifts of the Ice Ages. As the planet cooled and warmed, plant and animal species had to adapt, migrate, or evolve. In Britain, this would have meant shifts from dense forests to more open tundra-like environments, providing a diverse and dynamic backdrop for the eventual arrival of humans.
This page will start with a broad overview of the global flora and fauna that influenced early Britain, then narrow in on the more specific plant and animal life that would have shaped the landscape of prehistoric Britain.
A Global Overview of Prehistoric Flora and Fauna
Flora Across the Globe:
During the Pleistocene, as glaciers advanced and retreated, plant life adapted to the harsh climate. The primary biomes of the time were tundra and steppe ecosystems, with scattered woodlands emerging in warmer interglacial periods.
Trees and shrubs were mainly concentrated in areas where the climate was more temperate, and these included pines, birches, and willows. Larger forests of oak and hazel would only emerge after the retreat of the glaciers during the Holocene.
Grasses and mosses dominated the colder regions, with the arctic tundra supporting hardy plants like lichens and low-growing shrubs.
Fauna Across the Globe:
Mammals during the Pleistocene were a mix of cold-adapted species and more temperate creatures. Large herbivores like mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and bison roamed the vast, open landscapes. They were preyed upon by large carnivores, including the cave lion, saber-toothed tiger, and dire wolf.
Smaller mammals included species such as hares, beavers, moles, and rodents, while migratory birds like the geese and eagles flourished in both the tundra and forested areas.
In the oceans, the megafauna of whales, seals, and walruses were common, thriving in cooler waters that supported diverse marine life.
Prehistoric Britain: A Changing Landscape
When considering Britain specifically, we need to think about how the shifting global climates influenced the local ecosystems. The islands of Britain were continually shaped by the movements of the ice sheets and the periodic climatic warming and cooling that defined the Pleistocene. By the time humans arrived, the landscape had been heavily altered by these climatic cycles.
Flora of Prehistoric Britain
Woodland Development:
By the time of the late glacial and early Holocene periods, the British Isles had transitioned from tundra and steppe landscapes to dense woodlands. The trees that dominated the landscape included oak, pine, birch, hazel, and willow, which formed a patchwork of forests and woodlands.
The early Holocene saw a gradual expansion of forests, driven by the warmer climate. Hazel and birch were among the first trees to colonize the land, followed by oak, pine, and lime as the climate warmed further. These woodlands were mixed, with oak trees reaching a significant dominance as the landscape matured.
Meadows and Grasses:
As the forests expanded, meadows and grasslands were confined to areas of cleared land, typically in river valleys or open plains. These areas supported a variety of herbaceous plants, including grasses, clovers, and wildflowers, which were important food sources for herbivores.
Shrubs and Bushes:
Shrubbery such as blackthorn, hawthorn, and dogwood thrived in the edges of forests and in hedgerows, providing both shelter and food for smaller creatures.
Fauna of Prehistoric Britain
Mammals:
Large herbivores were crucial to the prehistoric landscape. Species such as the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and giant deer roamed the open steppe and forested areas, grazing on the abundant grasses and shrubs. The wild boar, red deer, and brown bear were also present, inhabiting both the forests and more open land.
Smaller mammals, such as foxes, hares, and squirrels, would have been common in the wooded areas. Rodents like voles and mice, as well as wild rabbits, contributed to the ecosystem, serving as food for predators.
Carnivores:
The landscape was populated by carnivores such as wolves, cave lions, and lynx, which would have preyed upon the herbivores. The presence of large sabre-toothed cats and wild dogs also marked the era, particularly during colder periods.
Birds and Other Creatures:
The skies would have been filled with large birds of prey like eagles and buzzards, as well as migratory waterfowl and songbirds. The common crane and whooper swan would have been visible in the wetlands and estuaries.
Insects, such as beetles, butterflies, and moths, would have been abundant, especially in the summer months.
Marine Life:
Around the coasts, the North Sea and Irish Sea teemed with marine life. Species like the harbour seal, grey seal, and whales frequented the waters, while fishing birds like gulls and terns populated the shorelines.
The Prehistoric Landscape
The flora and fauna of prehistoric Britain were dominated by a dynamic range of species that were well adapted to the changing environment of the Pleistocene and early Holocene. The transition from a cold, open tundra landscape to lush woodlands marked a significant shift in both plant and animal life. The plants and animals that were present at this time would have shaped the environment that early humans encountered when they eventually arrived.
Regional Variations in Prehistoric Flora and Fauna: A Diverse Landscape
As the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs shaped the environment of prehistoric Britain, the landscape itself was not uniform. Geographic features such as highlands, lowlands, coastal areas, and river valleys created unique microclimates and habitats that influenced the floral and faunal diversity in each region. Understanding these regional variations provides insight into the species mix found across different parts of prehistoric Britain. Here, we will explore what might have been found in four distinct regions: lowland, highland, coastal, and riverine areas.
Lowland Areas: Fertile Plains and Forests
Lowland Britain, particularly the areas of the South East, East, and Midlands, was characterized by expansive, fertile plains and rich, mixed woodlands. These areas were some of the most conducive to early human settlement and provided a stable environment for a wide variety of plants and animals.
Flora: In lowland areas, the landscape would have been dominated by dense deciduous forests, with oak, hazel, and elm trees being prevalent. Pine forests may have appeared in the earlier Holocene as a result of climatic shifts. In addition to the trees, meadows filled with wildflowers and grasses would have supported large grazing herbivores.
Fauna: Large herbivores like the red deer, wild boar, and brown bear would have roamed these areas, along with smaller creatures such as hares, foxes, and squirrels. Wolves and lynx would have been common predators, and birds of prey like buzzards would have been prevalent. The wetlands would have supported beavers and waterfowl.
Highland Areas: Rugged Terrain and Diverse Habitats
In contrast, the highland areas of prehistoric Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands, North Wales, and parts of the Pennines, offered a very different environment. These regions were characterized by rugged terrain, mountainous ridges, and high-altitude landscapes.
Flora: The flora of highland areas was less diverse in terms of tree cover compared to lowland regions. Birch and pine forests were more common, as these hardy species could survive the colder conditions and higher altitudes. In the colder climate, tundra-like vegetation would have taken over in areas where the growing season was too short for trees, with mosses, lichens, and low shrubs like heathers dominating the ground cover.
Fauna: Highland Britain supported different species adapted to cold and harsh conditions. Large herbivores such as the wild goat, red deer, and mouflon (a wild sheep) thrived in these rugged terrains. Carnivores like the wolf and lynx hunted these animals, while birds such as the golden eagle and grouse would have nested in the highland cliffs. Smaller mammals like mountain hares and stoats also inhabited these areas.
Coastal Areas: Marine Life and Salt-Tolerant Plants
The coastal regions of prehistoric Britain—especially along the South Coast, Wales, and parts of Northern England—were exposed to harsher conditions but supported a distinct array of flora and fauna that were adapted to saltwater environments.
Flora: Coastal habitats included salt-tolerant plants like sea grasses, rushes, and saltmarsh plants. Woodland was generally sparser near the coast due to the saline winds and soil conditions, but hardy shrubs like gorse and hawthorn could still be found. In sheltered valleys, beech and oak forests flourished in warmer conditions.
Fauna: The seas around Britain teemed with marine life. Seals, whales, and dolphins inhabited the waters, while shorebirds like oystercatchers, waders, and terns populated the coasts. Along the rocky shorelines, sea otters, crabs, and shellfish were abundant, supporting a variety of coastal predators. The coastal forests also hosted wild boar, foxes, and various rodents, while the open cliffs were a haven for birds of prey such as the peregrine falcon.
River Valleys and Wetlands: Waterways as Lifeblood
River valleys, such as those formed by the Thames, Severn, Trent, and Ure, were key areas in prehistoric Britain. These regions supported rich ecosystems due to the water supply and fertile soils that provided a variety of habitats.
Flora: The riverbanks and floodplains supported lush vegetation, with willows, alders, and poplars lining the rivers. Reed beds, wet meadows, and sedges were abundant in wetter areas. Oak and birch would have been found on the more elevated river terraces, creating a patchwork of forest types across the region.
Fauna: River valleys supported a wide variety of species. Large herbivores such as red deer, wild boar, and elk were common, as well as smaller creatures like beavers, otters, and water voles. The European wild boar, grey heron, and white-tailed eagle would have been common around the wetlands. Freshwater fish like salmon and pike also thrived in these environments.
Conclusion: A Diverse Landscape of Life
The prehistoric flora and fauna of Britain were shaped by geography and climatic conditions. From the lowlands filled with oak forests and meadows to the more rugged and harsh conditions of the highlands, the flora and fauna varied dramatically. The coastal regions and river valleys provided rich habitats for both plant life and a variety of animals, many of which were well-adapted to the specific challenges of these environments.
Understanding these regional differences in the environment provides a fuller picture of the diverse ecosystems that humans would have encountered when they eventually arrived in Britain. These habitats and species would have been fundamental to the early people who interacted with this landscape, providing food, materials, and shelter.
Additional Resources for Exploration
If you want to dive deeper into the regional flora and fauna of prehistoric Britain, the following resources offer extensive information:
British Wildlife: www.britishwildlife.com – A comprehensive journal that covers wildlife conservation and historical ecology in Britain.
Natural History Museum – Pleistocene Britain: www.nhm.ac.uk – Explore the prehistoric wildlife and plants of Britain through interactive exhibits and collections.
The Mammoth Site: www.mammothsite.com – Learn about prehistoric animals like the woolly mammoth and the woolly rhinoceros that roamed Britain during the Ice Ages.
The Woodland Trust: www.woodlandtrust.org.uk – Provides information on the woodlands and forest species of the UK, including resources on the native tree species of prehistoric times.
The National Trust – Prehistoric Britain: www.nationaltrust.org.uk – Offers insights into ancient landscapes and how the flora and fauna of these areas shaped early human settlement.
Jan 23
Guide – Introduction to Fieldwalking
Introduction to Fieldwalking: Exploring the Landscape Through Archaeology
Fieldwalking is one of the simplest and most accessible forms of archaeological survey. It involves systematically walking over a landscape, searching for surface artifacts—such as pottery, stone tools, and animal bones—that may have been left behind by past human activity. This activity can offer valuable insights into ancient settlements, trade routes, and other key elements of the past. While it can be an exciting and rewarding outdoor pursuit, it is essential to approach fieldwalking with responsibility, care, and proper understanding to ensure that the process benefits archaeological research and the Preservation of the landscape.
What is Fieldwalking?
Fieldwalking is a non-invasive archaeological technique where individuals or groups walk over a designated area, scanning the ground for artifacts. These artifacts may be surface scatters, often visible to the naked eye, and the walking is generally done in straight lines, covering the area in a grid-like pattern.
Key Features of Fieldwalking:
- Surveying the Ground: Fieldwalking typically occurs in open agricultural fields, where artifacts may be exposed due to natural erosion or ploughing. Field walkers look for artifacts that are visible on the surface, which can provide clues to past human activities.
- Recording Finds: As artifacts are located, they are carefully collected and logged in a systematic manner. This data is later used for analysis, helping to form hypotheses about past settlement patterns, trade routes, or ritual sites.
Health and Safety in Fieldwalking
Fieldwalking is generally a safe activity, but there are important health and safety considerations to keep in mind to ensure everyone’s wellbeing during the process.
Appropriate Footwear: Wear sturdy boots or shoes to protect your feet from rough or uneven ground, and to reduce the risk of sprains or falls.
Protective Clothing: Depending on the terrain, wear weather-appropriate clothing, such as sun protection for hot days and waterproofs for wet conditions. In areas with tall grass, consider wearing long trousers to avoid scratches and insect bites.
Stay Hydrated: Fieldwalking can be physically demanding, especially during warm months. Bring plenty of water to stay hydrated throughout the day.
Be Aware of Wildlife and Hazards: Always be aware of potential hazards like wild animals, open pits, or sharp tools that might be exposed. Additionally, it’s important to be aware of local plant life that could cause allergic reactions, such as poison ivy or nettles.
Buddy System: Ideally, fieldwalking should be done in groups, with at least one other person. This ensures safety, especially when covering large areas, and makes it easier to communicate any potential hazards.
Why Fieldwalking is Valuable for Archaeology
Fieldwalking can be one of the most efficient ways to gather initial data about a site and is often a starting point for more detailed investigations. Here’s why it’s so important:
Identifying New Sites: Fieldwalking can help archaeologists discover new sites that might not be visible on the surface. Finds of pottery, flint, or even human remains can provide immediate clues to the location of past settlements.
Mapping Distribution of Artifacts: By walking in a systematic way, fieldwalking allows archaeologists to map the distribution of artifacts over large areas. This distribution can indicate the extent of a settlement, trade routes, or areas of specific activity, like workshops or burial sites.
Long-term Data Collection: When fieldwalking is done regularly over long periods, it can provide valuable data about changes in the landscape or artifact deposition patterns. Periodic surveys in the same area allow researchers to track shifts in artifact density, which may be related to agricultural practices, climate change, or the rise and fall of ancient civilizations.
Fieldwalking as Part of Organised Activities
While fieldwalking can be a rewarding activity for those with an interest in archaeology, it is crucial to do so as part of an organised archaeological activity. This ensures that the data gathered is properly recorded and entered into a maintained archive for future study.
- Data Recording: Every artifact collected during fieldwalking should be documented, including details like the location, depth, and context of the find. This information is crucial for understanding the archaeological significance of the site.
- Maintained Archives: When data is entered into an organised archive, it becomes part of a larger body of work, helping to ensure that it can be referenced, analysed, and preserved for future research. This also ensures that discoveries are not lost to time and can be viewed within the larger archaeological narrative.
Small Finds Service: If you are fieldwalking independently and come across artifacts, the Small Finds Service provides a way for individuals to record their finds with local authorities or archaeological organisations. You’ll be guided through the process of documenting the item’s context and significance, ensuring that it’s properly entered into public records.
Permission and Legal Considerations
Fieldwalking should never be done without permission. Many sites, especially those with known archaeological significance, are protected by law and may require written consent from landowners or local authorities before any archaeological work is carried out. Unauthorized fieldwalking can be damaging to the site and may violate heritage protection laws.
Always Seek Permission: Before heading out, make sure you have the necessary permissions from landowners, local authorities, or heritage bodies. This ensures that your activity is legal and won’t disrupt ongoing Preservation efforts.
Respect Boundaries: Always respect the boundaries of the land and avoid areas that may be sensitive or restricted for environmental or cultural reasons.
Fieldwalking: A Breakthrough Example
One of the most notable breakthroughs that resulted from fieldwalking was the discovery of the prehistoric settlement at the site of Rillaton Barrow, Cornwall, where a golden burial hoard was uncovered. The settlement, revealed by fieldwalking over several years, provided new insights into the Bronze Age and highlighted the critical role of field surveys in understanding ancient trade routes and societal organization.
The discovery of the Rillaton Hoard from fieldwalking provided evidence of how archaeological techniques like this can bring valuable information to light, adding to the narrative of Britain’s early civilizations. (Source: The British Museum, Rillaton Barrow and its Hoard)
Conclusion
Fieldwalking is a powerful tool in the archaeologist’s toolbox, offering an easy yet effective way to gather data about the landscape, track changes over time, and potentially uncover hidden sites and features. By doing it periodically and in an organised manner, fieldwalking can contribute significantly to our understanding of the past.
However, safety, legal permissions, and organized data collection should always be prioritized. Whether you are a seasoned archaeologist or someone with a keen interest in history, fieldwalking can be an enriching activity when conducted responsibly. The integration of your finds into a well-maintained archive ensures that your contributions are part of a larger, ongoing effort to preserve and understand our shared history.
Jan 23
Guide – Photography: Image Manipulation
n image illustrating the effects of image manipulation
Contents
- 1 Introduction to Image Manipulation for Archaeological Photography
- 1.1 Adjusting Exposure and Contrast:
- 1.2 Cropping and Straightening:
- 1.3 Sharpening and Noise Reduction:
- 1.4 Highlighting and Enhancing Features:
- 1.5 Layering and Masking:
- 1.6 Colour Correction:
- 1.7 Adobe Photoshop
- 1.8 GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
- 1.9 Adobe Lightroom
- 1.10 Affinity Photo
- 1.11 Paint.NET
- 2 File Naming and Description Methodology
- 3 YouTube Channels for Photography and Image Manipulation Tutorials
- 4 Official Software Links
- 5 Conclusion
Introduction to Image Manipulation for Archaeological Photography
Photography is an essential tool in archaeology, not only for documenting finds but also for interpreting and preserving evidence. However, images often require some level of post-processing to enhance clarity, correct lighting issues, or reveal details that may not be immediately visible. Image manipulation software plays a crucial role in this process, allowing archaeologists to adjust images while maintaining the integrity of the data.
This article introduces the main techniques used in image manipulation for archaeological photography, reviews some widely used software options, and provides suggestions on file naming and describing images to maintain an organized archive.
Main Techniques in Image Manipulation
Adjusting Exposure and Contrast:
Purpose: Many archaeological photos are taken in challenging lighting conditions—whether it’s in low light during excavation or bright sunlight on outdoor sites. Adjusting exposure and contrast can correct overexposure or underexposure and highlight important details.
How it Works: Exposure controls the amount of light that hits the sensor, and contrast determines the difference between light and dark areas of an image. Increasing contrast can help reveal more details in shadowed areas or highlight features that might not be immediately visible.
Cropping and Straightening:
Purpose: To focus on specific areas of interest within an image and remove unnecessary elements that may detract from the primary subject.
How it Works: Cropping allows you to zoom in on particular areas, eliminating distractions or adjusting the composition for clarity. Straightening is important when photographing objects or features at an angle—this tool helps align the image to present a more accurate view.
Sharpening and Noise Reduction:
Purpose: Sharpening enhances fine details in the image, while noise reduction helps remove any grainy appearance, often seen in photos taken in low light or with higher ISO settings.
How it Works: Sharpening increases edge contrast, making fine details more visible. Noise reduction tools remove unwanted pixelation (noise) that can obscure important information.
Highlighting and Enhancing Features:
Purpose: Enhancing specific features of an image, like inscriptions, textures, or small artifacts, that might be difficult to detect.
How it Works: Techniques like dodge and burn allow you to brighten or darken areas of an image selectively, helping to reveal hidden features or improve the clarity of certain aspects of the photo.
Layering and Masking:
Purpose: To make more complex adjustments to parts of the image without altering the whole picture. This is particularly useful when working with multi-exposure images or creating composite images.
How it Works: Layering involves stacking different versions of an image on top of one another, allowing for non-destructive edits. Masking enables precise adjustments to specific areas of the photo by isolating parts of the image for editing.
Colour Correction:
Purpose: To ensure that the colours in the image are true to life, which can be especially important in documenting artifacts or site features.
How it Works: Adjusting the white balance corrects for any colour cast caused by the lighting in the environment, while colour correction tools can fix any discrepancies in colour representation.
Popular Image Manipulation Software: Cost vs. Features
There are many software options available for image manipulation, ranging from free programs for beginners to professional-grade tools for advanced editing. Let’s explore some of the most common tools used in archaeological photography and their respective strengths:
Adobe Photoshop
Cost: Subscription-based (monthly or annual plans)
Features: Photoshop is the gold standard in image manipulation. It offers a wide range of advanced tools like layering, masking, and retouching, along with features for digital restoration, noise reduction, and sharpening. The Content-Aware Fill feature can even help remove unwanted elements from a photo.
Best For: Professional archaeologists and institutions requiring high-level image manipulation and restoration.
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
Cost: Free and open-source
Features: GIMP offers many of the same features as Photoshop, including layering, masking, and color correction tools. It supports a range of file formats and can handle most standard image editing tasks. While it’s not as polished as Photoshop, it’s a highly capable option for those on a budget.
Best For: Amateur archaeologists or institutions looking for a free yet powerful image editing tool.
Adobe Lightroom
Cost: Subscription-based (monthly or annual plans)
Features: Lightroom is designed for photographers who need to manage and process large quantities of images. It excels in batch processing, exposure adjustments, and colour correction, making it ideal for site documentation where you need to process multiple photos with similar settings.
Best For: Archaeologists working on large-scale excavation sites with numerous photos to manage.
Affinity Photo
Cost: One-time purchase (lower cost than Adobe Photoshop)
Features: Affinity Photo offers professional-level features, including retouching, masking, and raw image editing. It has most of the same capabilities as Photoshop but at a lower price point.
Best For: Those looking for a one-time payment option without a subscription model but still needing advanced editing tools.
Paint.NET
Cost: Free
Features: Paint.NET is a simple image manipulation tool for basic adjustments like cropping, sharpening, and color correction. It doesn’t have the advanced tools of Photoshop or GIMP, but it can be a useful option for basic edits.
Best For: Quick, simple edits without the need for complex features.
File Naming and Description Methodology
In archaeological photography, maintaining an organized archive is crucial for tracking, referencing, and sharing images. Here’s a relatively simple naming methodology that can be used to keep images clear and accessible:
Basic Structure:
The basic format for naming files should include:
- Site Name/Location: The name of the archaeological site or location
- Date: The date the photo was taken (e.g., YYYYMMDD format)
- Feature/Context Description: A brief description of the feature or object photographed (e.g., “barrow”, “wall fragment”)
- Photographer/Researcher Initials: The initials of the person taking the photo or responsible for the documentation
Example: Thornborough_20240123_Moraine_SA.jpg
Numbering System:
Use numbers to differentiate between multiple shots taken of the same object or site. For example:
Thornborough_20240123_Moraine_01.jpg
Thornborough_20240123_Moraine_02.jpg
Thornborough_20240123_Moraine_03.jpg
File Descriptions:
In the metadata or accompanying file description, include:
The exact location where the photo was taken (e.g., GPS coordinates or specific grid reference)
A brief description of what is being shown in the image (e.g., a view of the moraine, specific detail of the feature)
Any observations or relevant notes (e.g., lighting conditions, changes in features over time)
By creating a consistent and descriptive file naming system from the start, you ensure that your image archive is well-organized and easily searchable in the future.
YouTube Channels for Photography and Image Manipulation Tutorials
Peter McKinnon
Peter McKinnon – YouTube
Peter McKinnon’s channel is widely regarded for its photography tips, creative workflows, and photo editing tutorials. While he primarily focuses on photo and video editing in programs like Adobe Lightroom and Photoshop, his tutorials are highly engaging and beginner-friendly.
Phlearn
Phlearn – YouTube
Phlearn offers a wealth of Photoshop tutorials, ranging from basic techniques to advanced photo manipulation. They cover everything from color correction and sharpening to masking and compositing, perfect for those looking to dive deeper into the world of image editing.
Piximperfect
Piximperfect – YouTube
Piximperfect provides in-depth Photoshop tutorials, focusing on detailed and technical aspects of photo manipulation. His tutorials cover everything from exposure adjustments and retouching to creative edits. This channel is particularly useful for archaeological photographers who need advanced techniques to enhance their images.
GIMP Tutorials
GIMP Tutorials – YouTube
If you’re using GIMP, this channel is a great resource for free, open-source software tutorials. It covers the basics of photo editing and more advanced techniques, such as layering, masking, and retouching, all specific to GIMP.
Lightroom Presets
Lightroom Presets – YouTube
If you work with Adobe Lightroom, this channel is dedicated to photo editing tutorials with a focus on pre-sets and editing techniques. It’s perfect for those who need to process large volumes of archaeological images efficiently.
Official Software Links
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop – Official Website
Adobe Photoshop is one of the most comprehensive photo manipulation tools, offering everything from basic editing to advanced retouching and creative effects. It’s available via a subscription plan and is commonly used for archaeological documentation and professional photo editing.
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
GIMP – Official Website
GIMP is a powerful free and open-source image manipulation program that can be used for everything from basic photo editing to more advanced tasks. It’s highly customizable and an excellent alternative to Photoshop for those on a budget.
Adobe Lightroom
Adobe Lightroom – Official Website
Adobe Lightroom is ideal for those needing to process multiple images quickly and maintain consistent edits. It is particularly useful for managing large sets of archaeological images and making adjustments to exposure, color balance, and more.
Affinity Photo
Affinity Photo – Official Website
Affinity Photo is a one-time purchase alternative to Photoshop, offering professional-level editing tools. It’s an excellent option for high-quality image manipulation without the recurring subscription costs.
Paint.NET
Paint.NET – Official Website
Paint.NET is a simple free image editor that’s great for basic photo manipulation. It’s easy to use, especially for beginners, and it covers essential features like cropping, sharpening, and colour adjustment.
Conclusion
These YouTube channels offer a wide range of tutorials, from beginner tips to advanced techniques, for editing your archaeological images. Whether you’re using Photoshop, GIMP, or Lightroom, there’s a channel that can guide you through the process, helping you enhance your photographs effectively.
Jan 23
Guide – Introduction to Glacial Archaeology
A frozen River close to Keld in the Yorkshire Dales
Contents
Introduction to Glacial Archaeology: Understanding the Landscape of Thornborough
Glacial archaeology is a fascinating field that examines the impact of glaciation on the landscape, and how ancient human activity interacted with the forces of ice and meltwater. The processes of glacial erosion and deposition have left behind a variety of landforms, such as moraines and glacial terraces, which not only shape the topography of the region but may also provide clues to human occupation and activity in prehistoric times.
In this introduction to glacial archaeology, we’ll explore key features like moraines and glacial terraces, and consider the ways in which they may be mistaken for human-made structures, or vice versa. Understanding these features can help guide archaeological investigations and reveal sites that might otherwise be overlooked.
What is a Moraine?
A moraine is a landform created by the accumulation of debris (such as rocks, gravel, and soil) that was previously carried along by a glacier. As the glacier moves, it grinds down rocks and picks up debris, which it then deposits along its edges or at its terminus. There are several types of moraines, including terminal moraines, which mark the furthest point of a glacier’s advance, and lateral moraines, which form along the sides of glaciers.
Key Features to Look For
When identifying a moraine, look for raised ridges or mounds of debris that may run parallel to the path of a glacier’s former movement. These features can often appear as long, winding ridges or irregular mounds that are distinguishable from surrounding terrain due to their angular, fragmented rock content. The presence of glacial till—unsorted debris left behind by the ice—can also be a good indicator of a moraine’s existence.
In the case of the area near Thornborough, there is a moraine-like feature that warrants closer examination. The proximity to the Thornborough Henges makes this feature particularly interesting, as its natural formation might conceal or mimic man-made earthworks. We’ll delve into this further once a clearer image of the area is available tomorrow, but the possibility that this feature could either be an undiscovered archaeological site or an overlooked natural formation is worth investigating.
What is a Glacial Terrace?
A glacial terrace is a flat, step-like landform that forms when a glacier deposits sediments along the edges of its channel. As glaciers retreat, they leave behind terraces formed by layers of sand, gravel, and rock, which were carried along by the ice and deposited at varying stages of the glacier’s movement. These terraces can be found in valleys where meltwater rivers once flowed, and they offer insight into past river systems and the shifting dynamics of glacial ice.
Key Features to Look For
Glacial terraces often appear as flat surfaces that are elevated above surrounding areas, marked by layered sediments. They may seem like natural shelves or platforms along the valley walls, often found near moraine ridges or other glacial features.
Near Thornborough, the presence of river terraces in the Swale and Ure valleys shows clear evidence of glacial influence. These terraces are critical for understanding the past flow of water and the shifting of glaciers, and they may also provide crucial archaeological insights into how early humans interacted with the landscape.
The Potential for Confusion: Human-Made vs. Natural Features
One of the challenges in glacial archaeology is distinguishing between natural formations and human-made structures. Features like mounds, ridges, and earthworks can sometimes look very similar, especially when viewed from a distance or without close inspection. For example, moraines and barrows (burial mounds) may both appear as raised features in the landscape. A moraine, however, will usually be composed of unsorted debris and exhibit irregular, angular shapes, while barrows tend to have a more defined structure, often with smooth, circular edges and more uniform material.
Mound Confusion: It’s possible that a moraine-like mound could be mistaken for a burial mound or barrow, which are intentionally constructed by humans. The proximity of a moraine feature to significant archaeological sites like Thornborough increases the likelihood of such confusion. Without a detailed survey, it might be easy to dismiss a natural formation as just another mound in the landscape.
Overlooking Hidden Evidence: On the other hand, the reverse is also possible—important archaeological features could be overlooked due to their resemblance to natural landforms. Subtle human activity, such as the construction of earthworks or ritual sites, may blend into the natural features of the landscape, especially if those sites were deliberately designed to harmonize with their surroundings.
Thus, distinguishing between natural and human-made features requires careful examination and a deep understanding of both the landscape and the specific processes that formed the land. This is where geological knowledge and archaeological expertise must come together to avoid missing out on potentially significant sites.
The Importance of Thorough Investigation
The moraine-like feature near Thornborough is a prime example of how geological archaeology can uncover hidden clues about the past. Whether the feature is an undisturbed glacial deposit or an unrecognized archaeological site, it is crucial to approach it with both scientific rigor and open-mindedness.
As we move forward with this investigation, a review of available and visual analysis may help clarify whether this formation is part of a larger archaeological feature or just another example of the region’s glacial history. For now, understanding the basic principles of glacial formations and their characteristics allows us to approach these features with a critical eye and a solid foundation of knowledge.
Conclusion: The Need for Careful Exploration
The landscape around Thornborough is rich with both geological features and potential archaeological sites. By understanding the characteristics of moraines, glacial terraces, and other landforms, we can better distinguish between what is natural and what may have been shaped by human hands. The area near Thornborough may hide undiscovered archaeological features, and it’s only by studying the morphology of the land and applying geological and archaeological techniques that we can truly unlock the secrets of the past.
Jan 23
Guide: Landscape Archaeology: The Geology of Thornborough
Contents
The Geological Landscape of Thornborough: Shaping the Land Before Humans
The Thornborough Henges are located within a distinctive and complex landscape that has been shaped over millennia by a combination of glacial forces, river systems, and post-glacial climatic changes. The landscape of Thornborough is defined by its geological foundations and the dynamic processes that transformed the area long before human presence.
Glacial Impact: Shaping the Valley
The region surrounding Thornborough was fundamentally altered by the Pleistocene glaciations. Around 12,000 years ago, the last ice sheets retreated, leaving behind a landscape that bears the marks of glacial processes. The Pennine Hills to the west and the Vale of Mowbray to the east are composed of older Carboniferous and Permian rocks, but the Thornborough area itself lies within a flat, glacially-formed valley. This area was shaped by glacial erosion and deposition, leaving behind glacial till, sand, gravel, and silt.
Glacial Scouring: As glaciers advanced and retreated, they scoured the valley floors, deepening and flattening the terrain. This erosional process carved out valleys, such as those seen in the Ure and Swale river systems. These valleys created relatively level ground that would later become ideal for settlement—first for wildlife, then for human activity.
Depositional Features: As the glaciers melted, they left behind a range of depositional features, including moraines (ridges of debris), kames (mound-like features), and eskers (long, winding ridges). These features are visible in the surrounding areas and helped to form the underlying structure of the landscape, including the raised terraces along the rivers. These terraces represent different stages of riverbed evolution and give insight into past climatic conditions.
River Systems and Sedimentation
The Swale and Ure rivers played a key role in shaping the landscape around Thornborough. As the glaciers retreated, meltwater from the ice sheets created powerful rivers that reworked the sediments, forming braided channels and floodplains.
River Evolution: Over time, the rivers altered their course, creating terraces and alluvial deposits (sediments deposited by flowing water). The Swale and Ure rivers shifted course, leaving behind sedimentary layers that provided fertile ground for vegetation, and later, settlement. These changing river dynamics contributed to the morphology of the Thornborough valley, making it a significant feature of the region.
Alluvial Deposits: The rivers, particularly the Swale, deposited rich layers of silt, sand, and gravel along their banks. This made the land fertile and ideal for later agricultural activities, but long before humans arrived, these deposits were the foundation for thriving ecosystems of plants and animals. The presence of these alluvial deposits is also key to understanding how the landscape transformed and why it was so significant in the pre-human environment.
Post-Ice Age Environmental Changes
After the last ice sheets melted, the climate of the Thornborough area shifted, bringing about an era of dramatic environmental change.
Holocene Climate: Following the cold period of the Ice Age, the climate warmed significantly, leading to the Holocene epoch, roughly 10,000 years ago. The region saw a gradual transition from a cold tundra environment to a more temperate forest landscape. As the climate warmed, new plant species began to spread, including pine, oak, and hazel.
Vegetation Expansion: The warming climate encouraged the growth of forests and woodlands, and the Thornborough area would have been covered by dense woodland, with species like pine and hazel thriving in the river valley. These forests were rich in resources, providing shelter for wildlife and enabling the growth of plant species that would shape the future ecosystems.
Wetlands and Floodplains: The river valleys remained fertile and dynamic. The Swale and Ure rivers continued to meander, sometimes flooding their banks and creating wetlands. These areas were ecologically rich, with reed beds, marshes, and shallow waters that supported a wide range of plant and animal life.
The Creation of Landforms for Future Human Interaction
By the end of the last Ice Age, the Thornborough area had transformed into a fertile landscape, marked by floodplains, moraines, and river terraces. The fertile soil and proximity to water would have made it an ideal location for early human communities.
The moraine ridges and river terraces provided natural elevated views, and their positioning would have made them ideal for prehistoric monumental construction. The combination of flat valleys for settlement, fertile land for agriculture, and elevated ridges for ceremonial or ritual purposes might explain why the Thornborough Henges were placed where they were.
Conclusion: Thornborough’s Evolving Landscape
The landscape surrounding the Thornborough Henges is the product of millions of years of geological processes, from the Pleistocene glaciers that shaped the valleys to the post-glacial river systems that formed the fertile grounds for future settlement. This landscape, shaped by glaciation, erosion, and sedimentation, provided the foundation for the region’s future ecological and human developments.
By understanding the landforms and geological features that predate human activity, we can gain a deeper appreciation for how the Thornborough Henges were integrated into the landscape. The surrounding moraine ridges, river terraces, and floodplains provided a natural setting that may have influenced the siting of monumental structures, making Thornborough an area of both ecological and cultural significance.
Jan 23
Guide – Photography: Camera Buying Guide
Contents
- 1 Camera Buying Guide for Archaeological Photography: Selecting the Right Equipment for Every Situation
Camera Buying Guide for Archaeological Photography: Selecting the Right Equipment for Every Situation
When it comes to archaeological photography, capturing the best possible images—whether of small artifacts or large sites—requires thoughtful consideration of the camera’s capabilities. The right camera allows you to document sites and findings clearly, effectively, and with long-lasting quality. However, the perfect camera varies based on several factors, including zoom capabilities, resolution, light conditions, and the portability of the equipment. In this guide, we’ll explore the essential elements to consider when choosing a camera, discuss the benefits and limitations of different types, and offer practical tips for fieldwork.
Key Considerations for Camera Selection
Camera Resolution and Image Quality
Resolution is one of the most important factors when selecting a camera for archaeological photography. Higher resolution allows you to capture sharper images with more detail, which is crucial for documenting both large sites and fine details of smaller finds, such as carvings or intricate pottery fragments.
Cameras with higher megapixels (MP) provide more flexibility, allowing you to crop or zoom in on parts of an image without losing quality. This is especially important when zoom lenses are less capable, as you can rely on the camera’s high resolution to provide clear, detailed images from a distance without distortion. For example, DSLRs and mirrorless cameras often offer high MP counts, enabling better image quality for large-scale documentation.
Zoom Capabilities:
While smartphones often have a limited zoom range, DSLRs and mirrorless cameras tend to have far superior zoom features, offering greater flexibility to photograph distant features like earthworks, walls, or features in expansive landscapes. Keep in mind, however, that smartphones may struggle with zoom levels beyond 5x, especially under bright sunlight, as the image quality can degrade quickly.
Image stabilization becomes crucial when using long zoom lenses, as handheld shots can lead to camera shake. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras tend to have better stabilization systems than smartphones, allowing for more effective zoom shots in challenging conditions.
Lighting Conditions:
One of the significant challenges in archaeological photography is dealing with different lighting conditions. Smartphones, for example, may struggle in bright sunlight, where the screen becomes difficult to see, and the dynamic range of the image may be limited. In direct sunlight, smartphones can have a hard time capturing details in high-contrast environments. This makes DSLRs and mirrorless cameras a better choice for shooting under harsh lighting conditions, as they offer more control over exposure and can produce better results with manual adjustments.
Shadows and overexposure can be especially problematic when shooting earthworks or subtle landscape features. The ability to adjust settings on a DSLR or mirrorless camera can help you compensate for these challenges and ensure better image clarity in high-contrast situations.
Portability vs. Performance:
Portability is important, but not at the cost of image quality. In summer months, you may want to travel light and fast, but smartphones, while incredibly portable, can be useless in bright sunlight or when shooting distant objects. For this reason, even though you likely already own a smartphone, you should consider investing in a compact DSLR or mirrorless camera with excellent optical zoom, image stabilization, and manual controls for greater flexibility in difficult conditions.
Mirrorless cameras, in particular, provide a balance of portability and quality. They are significantly lighter than DSLRs, yet still offer high-quality images, customizable lenses, and greater performance in varying light conditions.
Viewfinder and Ease of Use:
Smartphones rely on the screen for framing shots, which can be problematic in bright sunlight, where glare can make it difficult to see the composition. Cameras with an eye-piece viewfinder—like those on DSLRs and mirrorless models—allow for clearer framing in bright environments. This is especially critical when you need to compose a shot quickly, such as when documenting fleeting moments or intricate details.
Video Coverage and Audio:
Many archaeological projects now require video documentation, whether for site overviews, excavations, or artifact handling. DSLRs and mirrorless cameras offer high-quality video capabilities, but it’s worth considering the audio aspect as well. Built-in microphones on most cameras can be sufficient for general sound capture, but for clearer, professional audio—such as during site tours or interviews—consider adding an external lapel microphone for better sound quality.
Smartphone as an Option:
Smartphones are often convenient for quick documentation or general snapshots. Many modern smartphones come equipped with high-quality cameras, offering features like portrait mode, HDR, and multiple lenses (wide-angle, macro, etc.), which can be sufficient for documenting smaller finds or site details on the fly. However, for serious archaeological documentation, where high resolution, greater zoom, and more detailed control are necessary, investing in a dedicated camera like a DSLR or mirrorless camera will provide a greater level of flexibility and quality.
Best Camera Types for Archaeological Work
DSLR Cameras:
Pros: Excellent image quality, high resolution, better zoom capabilities, and superior manual control over settings. Good for a variety of conditions, from bright sunlight to low-light situations.
Cons: Bulky, heavy, and less portable than other options. Requires multiple lenses for different shot types.
Mirrorless Cameras:
Pros: Lighter and more portable than DSLRs, with similar performance. They offer interchangeable lenses, image stabilization, and high-quality video capabilities, making them great for both still and motion photography.
Cons: Shorter battery life compared to DSLRs, and fewer lens options available (though this is rapidly improving).
Point-and-Shoot Cameras:
Pros: Compact, easy to use, and good for quick shots or general documentation. Many now offer excellent resolution for their size and can be a great backup camera for fieldwork.
Cons: Limited zoom, manual control, and versatility compared to DSLRs and mirrorless models.
Smartphones:
Pros: Always on hand and highly portable. Most modern phones have impressive cameras with multiple lenses, and they are perfect for quick snapshots or when you need to document something immediately.
Cons: Poor performance in bright sunlight, limited zoom (especially beyond 5x), and typically less control over settings compared to dedicated cameras.
Conclusion: Making the Right Choice for Archaeological Photography
The choice between a smartphone, DSLR, or mirrorless camera depends on your specific needs and the environment you’ll be working in. While smartphones are useful for quick shots, a dedicated camera with optical zoom, high resolution, and manual controls offers superior performance for documenting archaeological sites. For detailed documentation in various conditions—especially in bright sunlight or for close-up work—investing in a high-quality DSLR or mirrorless camera with an eye-piece viewfinder is the best way to ensure you capture every detail accurately.
In addition, don’t overlook the importance of a tripod for stability in windy conditions or when shooting with high zoom, and consider external microphones for professional-quality video and audio documentation. With the right camera and equipment, you’ll be able to fully document your archaeological adventures, ensuring that no detail is missed and that your images stand the test of time.
Here are some links to high-quality, regularly updated review sites where you can find in-depth comparisons of cameras and equipment suited for archaeological photography:
High-Quality Camera Reviews and Comparisons
DPReview
DPReview is one of the most comprehensive sources for camera reviews. It provides detailed information, hands-on reviews, and side-by-side comparisons of DSLRs, mirrorless cameras, and point-and-shoot cameras. You can also find the latest news and trends in camera technology, as well as useful buying guides.
CNET – Digital Cameras
CNET Cameras offers up-to-date reviews on cameras ranging from DSLRs to smartphones. Their reviews break down the pros and cons of each camera, giving you a clear idea of how they perform in different environments, including low light and zoom capabilities, which are crucial for archaeological photography.
TechRadar – Cameras
TechRadar Camera Reviews is another excellent resource for updated reviews. It covers all types of cameras, from budget-friendly point-and-shoots to high-end DSLRs and mirrorless cameras. TechRadar is well known for its thorough analysis and is a great starting point for those wanting a detailed understanding of camera options.
The Wirecutter – Cameras
Wirecutter – Camera Buying Guides (now part of The New York Times) provides carefully curated lists of the best cameras in different categories, such as the best DSLR, mirrorless, or compact cameras. Their buying guides are excellent at helping users find the right gear based on their needs and budget.
Photography Life
Photography Life is a great resource for in-depth camera reviews, tutorials, and buying guides. They cover all camera types, including niche products like 3D cameras and specialty lenses, which can be helpful in archaeological fieldwork. Their reviews focus on real-world performance and provide insightful comparisons.
Trusted Reviews – Cameras
Trusted Reviews – Camera Section provides expert reviews, along with pros and cons for each camera. They offer easy-to-read comparisons and highlight key features, such as image stabilization and zoom capabilities, making it a great resource for selecting the perfect camera for your needs.
Camera Labs
Camera Labs provides thorough reviews of all camera types, with a focus on how each model performs in practical scenarios, such as in low light or with zoom. Their video reviews are a great way to see real-world testing of the cameras you’re considering.
These sites will give you up-to-date information on camera specifications, performance, and the latest models suited for both archaeology and general photography. Regularly checking these resources will help you stay informed and make a well-informed purchase when selecting the best camera for your archaeological documentation needs.
Jan 23
Guide – Photography: Framing the Shot
Earthwork features from Stainton Swaledale
Contents
Guide to Framing the Shot: Capturing Archaeological Sites with Precision
When photographing archaeological sites, the key to a successful shot lies not just in the technology you use but in how you frame the scene, manage lighting, and anticipate the environment. The art of capturing the best possible image is a blend of technical understanding and creative intuition. In this section, we’ll explore key concepts of framing, timing, and technique to help you enhance your shots, improve evidence collection, and document sites with precision.
Timing and Lighting: The Foundation of a Great Shot
Timing is everything—in both archaeology and photography. The natural light available at different times of day can drastically affect the quality of your shots, especially when photographing features like earthworks, ruins, and subtle topographical features. Understanding when and how to take advantage of these lighting conditions is essential.
Golden Hour and Shadows:
In winter months, many of the Yorkshire Dales are in shadow for much of the day due to the surrounding hills and valleys. Early mornings offer the best opportunity to capture long shadows and rich light. This is known as the “golden hour,” the time shortly after sunrise and just before sunset when the sunlight is softer, creating long, dramatic shadows and adding depth to the landscape.
Long shadows can help define earthworks, such as ditches, mounds, and embankments, making them more visible and enhancing the texture of the landscape. These features are often subtle and may be almost invisible when taken in flat midday light.
Winter Light:
During winter, low sunlight can cast dramatic shadows, adding depth and definition to the landscape. On the other hand, overcast days can provide soft, diffused light, which reduces harsh shadows and can be useful for capturing finer details without strong contrasts.
For earthworks and subtle features, lighting angles are key. Shadows highlight topographical changes, making it easier to see buried walls or structures. If you shoot these features at the wrong time of day or year, they may appear completely flat and indistinct.
Pay Attention to Weather:
Windy conditions can cause blur in your photos, especially when you’re shooting with longer exposure times or using lightweight equipment. A tripod is essential for stable shots, particularly when the wind is strong. Use a remote shutter or self-timer to avoid shaking the camera during the shot.
The atmosphere itself can contribute to mood and clarity. Mist, rain, or even bright sunlight filtering through clouds can add to the drama of the scene, especially in landscape shots.
Lenses and Techniques to Enhance Your Shots
Different lenses and techniques can dramatically affect how you capture and interpret archaeological sites. The right lens for the job is essential, as each lens brings unique strengths to different types of shots.
Wide-Angle Lens:
Best for: Capturing large sites, expansive landscapes, or sweeping views of earthworks. The wide-angle lens allows you to include both the site and its surrounding landscape in a single frame, providing context and depth.
How it Enhances Evidence Collection: When photographing large or open spaces, a wide-angle lens ensures you capture the full scale of the site and its features. It’s particularly useful when trying to show the relationships between various parts of the site, such as pathways, structures, and natural features.
Standard Lens (50mm or equivalent):
Best for: General-purpose shots of smaller sites, artifacts, or features that require more natural perspective. It’s often referred to as a “nifty fifty” for its versatility and sharpness.
How it Enhances Evidence Collection: This lens is great for photographing small, detailed features, or when you need a natural, undistorted view of the subject. It’s ideal for capturing objects in situ (in their original location), whether it’s pottery fragments or the delicate edges of a wall.
Macro Lens:
Best for: Close-up photography of artifacts or intricate details of objects and features. The macro lens allows you to focus on fine details without distortion.
How it Enhances Evidence Collection: It’s invaluable for photographing small finds or detailed features like inscriptions, carvings, or pottery shards, providing sharp, high-resolution images.
Telephoto Lens:
Best for: Capturing distant features, such as wide shots of a site from afar or high-altitude shots. A telephoto lens lets you zoom in on specific parts of a site without disturbing the surrounding area.
How it Enhances Evidence Collection: This lens is excellent for large-scale site surveys, especially when photographing features from a distance, like earthworks, boundary lines, or distant settlements. It can also be helpful for shots taken from surrounding peaks or high ground, offering an overview of the site’s relationship with the surrounding landscape.
Basic Techniques for Framing the Shot
Rule of Thirds:
One of the most basic principles in photography is the rule of thirds, where you divide your frame into three equal horizontal and vertical sections. This creates a grid that helps you place key features of the site or object at intersections or along the lines, drawing the viewer’s eye to important elements naturally.
Use of Leading Lines:
Leading lines are natural or man-made lines that guide the viewer’s eye through the image. Paths, roads, walls, and rivers all create lines that can draw attention to a specific point of interest or lead the viewer deeper into the scene. In archaeology, these lines often show how a site was structured or planned, revealing the site’s relationship to its surroundings.
Framing the Feature:
When capturing specific features, especially delicate ones like inscriptions or pottery, focus on creating a clean, uncluttered shot that highlights the feature. Use natural framing—such as doorways, windows, or gaps in the landscape—to draw attention to the object or feature. This helps keep the viewer’s focus on what matters.
Scale and Perspective:
Including scale in your shot can be crucial for understanding the size and context of a feature. Whether it’s a person standing next to a wall, or a measuring tool laid next to an artifact, showing scale helps to give your audience a better understanding of the size and significance of the find.
Practical Considerations for Field Photography
Tripods and Stability:
Always use a tripod for stable shots, especially in low light or with longer exposure times. Even slight movements can blur the image, so keeping your camera steady is essential, particularly when capturing detailed shots of artifacts or subtle features.
Battery and Memory Management:
Spare batteries and memory cards are essential for fieldwork. Field conditions can drain your camera’s battery quickly, and you don’t want to run out of storage space during an important moment. Keep extra batteries and memory cards in waterproof cases to protect them from the elements.
Quick Shots with Your Phone:
Smartphones can be invaluable for taking quick shots or documenting finds on the go. While they may not replace a high-end DSLR, modern smartphones can produce surprisingly good images, especially when you need to document a feature quickly or when you’re unable to carry your primary camera.
Weather and Equipment Care:
In windy weather, ensure that your camera is securely placed on a stable tripod and use weights or anchors if needed. Keep an eye on your equipment to ensure it’s protected from dust, rain, or extreme conditions. Waterproof camera bags and covers are essential for protecting your gear when working outdoors in less-than-ideal conditions.
Conclusion
Framing the perfect shot requires a balance of technical understanding and creative intuition. By paying attention to timing, using the right lenses, and incorporating field considerations, you can capture the most accurate and meaningful images for archaeological documentation. Whether you’re photographing a subtle earthwork or a large settlement, the right technique will allow you to capture the story of the site and the evidence that will bring its history to life.
The next step is learning how to choose the best camera for the job, which we will cover in the next section. But for now, remember that photography is not just about capturing a moment—it’s about documenting and preserving the rich, layered history that these sites hold.
Jan 23
Guide – Introduction to Photography
Gold Head from St Andrews Church Aldborough
Contents
Introduction to Photography in Archaeology: A Foundation for Evidence Collection
Photography has long been an essential tool in archaeology, providing a visual record of sites, finds, and features. In the context of archaeological research, photos do more than simply document—they offer crucial evidence that can be revisited, analysed, and shared. Photography allows us to capture not just the physical aspects of a site or artifact, but also the context in which it was found, offering insights that might otherwise be overlooked.
In this introductory page, we will explore the fundamental role that photography plays in archaeological evidence collection, the various types of cameras and associated equipment used in the field, and the basics of lens selection. Understanding these basics is essential for anyone looking to use photography as an effective tool for archaeological documentation.
The Role of Photography in Archaeology
Photography in archaeology serves multiple purposes. It is used to:
Document Finds: Photographs capture the precise condition and appearance of an artifact or feature, ensuring that details are preserved for analysis and comparison.
Preserve Context: Photographs help to show the spatial relationship between objects and their surrounding environment. This context is vital for understanding the history and significance of a site.
Record Excavation Progress: As excavation progresses, photographs provide a visual timeline, showing the different stages of the dig and how features or artifacts were uncovered over time.
Enhance Interpretation: High-quality images help archaeologists interpret findings, whether it’s analysing an intricate carving on an ancient stone or identifying patterns in a buried structure.
By taking clear, detailed photos at every stage of an excavation or study, archaeologists create an invaluable visual record that can be revisited at any time for further analysis or to support future research.
Types of Cameras and Equipment
When it comes to choosing the right camera for archaeological photography, several options are available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Below are the most common types of cameras and the essential equipment that can enhance your photography.
DSLR Cameras (Digital Single-Lens Reflex):
Pros: DSLRs are the most commonly used cameras in archaeological work due to their versatility, high resolution, and ability to change lenses. They offer manual control over exposure, aperture, and shutter speed, allowing for more precise photography.
Cons: They can be bulky and heavy, making them less portable for fieldwork, especially in remote locations.
Mirrorless Cameras:
Pros: Mirrorless cameras offer many of the same features as DSLRs but in a more compact, lightweight design. They are ideal for archaeologists who need portability without sacrificing quality.
Cons: Battery life can be shorter compared to DSLRs, and some older models may lack the variety of lenses available for DSLRs.
Point-and-Shoot Cameras:
Pros: Point-and-shoot cameras are small, easy to carry, and simple to use. They are ideal for quick snapshots when you’re in a hurry or need to capture a wide scene with minimal settings.
Cons: They typically offer less control over settings like exposure and depth of field, which can limit their usefulness for detailed archaeological documentation.
Smartphones:
Pros: Modern smartphones come equipped with powerful cameras that can produce high-quality images. They are highly portable, always at hand, and often come with built-in editing tools.
Cons: While convenient, smartphones generally lack the manual control and professional lenses of DSLRs or mirrorless cameras. They are better suited for general site documentation rather than detailed, high-resolution shots.
Specialized Cameras (e.g., Macro or Infrared):
Macro cameras are designed for close-up shots of small artifacts or intricate details. Infrared cameras can capture hidden features beneath the soil or detect subtle variations in material surfaces. These types of cameras can be crucial for specialized archaeological work.
Essential Equipment
In addition to the camera body itself, there are several essential pieces of equipment that can improve the quality of your archaeological photography:
Tripod: A sturdy tripod is essential for ensuring steady shots, particularly when shooting in low light or capturing high-resolution images. It helps to avoid camera shake and ensures consistency in framing.
Lighting: Proper lighting is crucial in photography. While natural light can be ideal for certain situations, portable light sources (such as flash units or LED panels) are useful for highlighting specific features or finds, particularly in dim or indoor conditions.
Memory Cards and Storage: High-quality images take up significant storage space, so having multiple memory cards on hand ensures you don’t run out of space during your fieldwork. It’s also wise to back up your images regularly to prevent data loss.
Protective Cases: Equipment in the field is exposed to various environmental factors, so it’s essential to protect your gear from dust, moisture, and impacts. Invest in protective cases for both the camera and lenses.
Basics of Lens Selection
Choosing the right lens is just as important as choosing the right camera. Different types of lenses serve different purposes, and understanding these basic options will help you select the most appropriate one for your archaeological photography:
Wide-Angle Lens:
Best For: Capturing large areas or landscapes, such as archaeological sites or the broader context of a discovery.
Pros: These lenses provide a wider field of view, allowing you to fit more of the scene into your shot. They’re useful for site documentation and overall contextual images.
Cons: Can distort images, particularly at the edges, and may not be ideal for capturing fine details.
Standard Lens (50mm or equivalent):
Best For: General-purpose photography, capturing objects or people with minimal distortion. Often referred to as the “nifty fifty.”
Pros: These lenses provide a natural perspective and are often sharper than wide-angle lenses. They are good for photographing artifacts or specific site details.
Cons: They don’t provide zoom capabilities, so you’ll need to physically move closer to your subject.
Macro Lens:
Best For: Close-up photography of small artifacts or fine details, such as inscriptions or textures on objects.
Pros: These lenses can capture very fine details at a close range without distortion, making them ideal for documenting small objects or intricate features.
Cons: Limited in terms of wide shots and may require more precision in focusing.
Telephoto Lens:
Best For: Capturing distant features, such as high views of a site or features in the landscape that are far from the photographer.
Pros: These lenses allow you to zoom in on distant objects without losing image quality, ideal for high-angle shots from surrounding peaks.
Cons: They can be heavy and difficult to use in tight spaces.
Conclusion
In archaeological work, photography is a key tool for capturing and preserving the details of a site. Whether you’re using a DSLR, mirrorless camera, or even a smartphone, the right equipment can make all the difference. The choice of camera, lens, and accessories should be based on the needs of the excavation or study, and the ability to adapt to different types of findings and sites. By understanding the basics of photography equipment and lens selection, you can start documenting your archaeological adventures in a way that is both efficient and effective.
In the following pages, we’ll explore how to correctly frame and shoot your photos for various site types, delve into selecting the best camera for your needs, and discuss techniques for manipulating images to enhance your findings. But for now, understanding these basics will help you set the stage for successful archaeological documentation through photography.
