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A Tranchet adze is a chisel-ended cutting tool, typically made of flint, that was used in woodworking during the Mesolithic period. It gets its name from the characteristic tranchet flake removal used to create a sharp cutting edge. These tools were often hafted into an L-shaped handle, with the blade facing rearward and horizontally.

In archaeology, Basal pits refer to pits or features found at the base of archaeological layers or excavations, often revealing valuable information about past human activities. They can indicate storage, waste disposal, or even ritualistic practices. The characteristics of basal pits, such as fill material and associated artifacts, help archaeologists interpret the site’s history and function. 

Grimston-Lyles Hill ware or Grimston ware (more recently CB ware) is an Early and Middle Neolithic pottery originally named after the site where it was found in the north east of England, “Hanging Grimston”, a Long Barrow in the former East Riding area of Yorkshire.[1] In 1974, Isobel Smith expanded this term because she discovered …

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Leaf-shaped flint arrowheads are characteristic of the Early Neolithic period in Britain, dating from approximately 4000-3000 BC. These arrowheads, crafted from flint using pressure flaking or direct percussion, were primarily used for hunting and interpersonal violence. They represent a significant technological and cultural shift as hunter-gatherers transitioned to agriculture.

Made by some of the first farmers and settlers in Britain, Carinated bowls were among the earliest known pottery styles in the British Isles, appearing around 4000 BCE. These versatile vessels were essential for Neolithic life, used for cooking, storing, and serving food. This pottery style endured for centuries, spreading widely across Britain and Ireland. Carinated …

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Neolithic cross-ploughing refers to a technique used in agriculture during the Neolithic period where a simple type of plow, called an Ard, was used to break up the soil, often requiring a second pass at a right angle to the first to fully cultivate the land. This technique is distinct from modern ploughing, which turns …

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Flavius Valerius Constantius (c. 250 – 25 July 306), also called Constantius I, was a Roman emperor from 305 to 306. He was one of the four original members of the Tetrarchy established by Diocletian, first serving as caesar from 293 to 305 and then ruling as augustus until his death.

Samian ware is a type of Roman pottery known for its distinctive glossy red surface and was a popular tableware throughout the Roman Empire. It was mass-produced in workshops in Gaul (modern-day France and Germany) and exported to Britain and other parts of the empire. The pottery is characterized by its smooth, red finish, often …

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The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235 . It was founded by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) and Julia Domna, his wife, when Septimius emerged victorious from civil war of 193 – 197, which began with the Year of the Five Emperors.

Copper alloy casting is the process of creating metal parts by pouring molten copper alloy into a mold, allowing it to solidify, and then removing the finished part. This method is popular due to copper alloys’ desirable properties like corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, and good mechanical strength. Various casting techniques, such as sand casting, …

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