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MIS

MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) – Numbered global climate intervals: even = glacial, odd = interglacial, derived from oxygen-isotope records.

Milanković cycles

Milanković cycles – Orbital variations (eccentricity, obliquity, precession) that pace glacial–interglacial rhythms over 23–100 kyr.

Loess

Loess – Wind-blown silt deposited in cold, dry periods; forms fertile, easily worked soils.

LGM

LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) – Peak global ice volume (~26–19 Ka) with sea level ~120 m lower than today.

LiDAR

LiDAR – Airborne laser scanning that generates high-resolution digital models of ground surface beneath vegetation.

Ka

Ka / Ma / Ga – Thousand, million, billion calibrated years before present—standard geological time units.

H1

H1 / H2 / H3… – Numbered Heinrich Events; H1 (~17 Ka) is the best-known Late-Glacial surge.

Isostatic rebound

Isostatic rebound – Post-glacial crustal uplift that creates raised shorelines and tilted drainage.

La Tène

Iron Age “La Tène” – Celtic cultural phase (~450–50 BC) noted for curvilinear art, long swords and fortified Oppida.

IRD

IRD (Ice-Rafted Debris) – Sediments dropped to the seafloor from melting icebergs, signalling past iceberg discharges

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