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Tors

Tors and Inselbergs: Isolated rock hillocks rising abruptly from flat surroundings, formed by weathering and erosion.

Kames

Kames and Kame Terraces: Irregularly shaped mounds of sand and gravel deposited by melting glaciers, often found alongside kettle lakes.

Moraines

Moraines: Accumulations of glacial debris (till) forming ridges or mounds at the edges or ends of glaciers.

Drumlins

Drumlins: Smooth, elongated hills formed by glacial ice movement, typically found in swarms in formerly glaciated areas such as Ireland and Scandinavia.

Height Resolution

Height Resolution: In remote sensing, Smallest vertical separation that as sensor technology can achieve. For example, in RADAR based tomographic systems, TomoSAR can distinguish; ranges from \~3 m for airborne P-band with multi-kilometre baselines to \~30 m for single-satellite X-band stacks.

Penetration Depth

Penetration Depth: In remote sensing, the maximum subsurface reach of a radar pulse; in very dry, quartz-rich soils P-band may penetrate up to \~60 cm, while vegetation penetration can exceed 50 m.

Beam-forming Algorithm

Beam-forming Algorithm (Capon, MUSIC, RIAA): Mathematical filters that convert Doppler-frequency data into height profiles; newer high-resolution methods (e.g., RIAA) halve vertical error compared with classical Fourier focusing.

D-TomoSAR

D-TomoSAR — Differential Tomographic SAR; combines InSAR phase change with 3-D Voxel separation to monitor millimetre-scale deformation on specific height layers (e.g., building façades).

Interferometric SAR

Interferometric SAR (InSAR): Technique that compares phase between two coherent SAR images to measure height or surface motion; forms the 2-D precursor to full 3-D TomoSAR.

Back-scatter

Amplitude (Back-scatter): Echo strength returned from a target; variations map surface texture, moisture and roughness, and populate Voxel intensities in TomoSAR.

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