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The Square-mouthed vases culture (Italian: cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata) is a culture of the Middle Neolithic period, widespread in northern Italy during the fifth millennium BC. The name comes from its characteristic type of vessel, which has a square mouthpiece instead of circular.

Torrent systems can deposit sand and other sediments in various ways, including sheetfloods, channel deposits, and hyperconcentrated flows. The specific types of sediment and their distribution depend on factors like the torrent’s activity level, the landscape, and the types of flows involved.

Briquetage or very coarse pottery (VCP) is a coarse ceramic material used to make evaporation vessels and supporting pillars used in extracting salt from brine or seawater. Thick-walled saltpans were filled with saltwater and heated from below until the water had boiled away and salt was left behind. Often, the bulk of the water would …

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XRF surveys, or X-ray Fluorescence surveys, are a non-destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of materials. They involve irradiating a sample with X-rays and analyzing the emitted fluorescent X-rays to identify and quantify the elements present. XRF surveys are widely used in various industries for quality control, material analysis, and environmental assessments.

The “Teutonic invasions” can refer to several historical events, most notably the campaigns of the Teutonic Order in the Baltic region, including their Prussian Crusade and subsequent conflicts with Poland and Lithuania. Additionally, there were earlier movements of Germanic tribes, such as the Cimbri and Teutones, who invaded territories in Europe, including areas near the …

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Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a computational modeling technique used to simulate the actions and interactions of autonomous agents within a system to understand the system’s behavior and outcomes. These models represent a “bottom-up” approach, focusing on the individual agents and their interactions to produce emergent system-level patterns.

Archaeomagnetic dating is the study and interpretation of the signatures of the Earth’s magnetic field at past times recorded in archaeological materials.

Bayesian hierarchical models are statistical models designed to analyse data with a hierarchical structure, where parameters at different levels of the hierarchy are related to each other. These models are particularly useful when dealing with data that are grouped or nested, allowing for more accurate and nuanced estimations compared to traditional methods.

Spatial autocorrelation refers to the dependence of a variable’s values on the values of the same variable at neighbouring locations. In simpler terms, it describes how similar or dissimilar values of a variable are based on their spatial proximity. This concept is crucial in spatial analysis as it highlights patterns of clustering or dispersion of …

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HPC refers to the use of supercomputers and computer clusters to perform complex calculations and data analysis at speeds and capacities far exceeding those of standard desktop or laptop computers. It’s a crucial tool for scientific research, engineering, and other fields where massive computational power is needed to solve complex problems.