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Heinrich Event

Heinrich Event – Abrupt North-Atlantic cooling episode marked by layers of Ice-Rafted Debris from massive iceberg surges.

GIS

GIS (Geographic Information System) – Software that stores, analyses and visualises spatial data layers—from terrain to archaeology.

GIA

GIA (Glacial-Isostatic Adjustment) – Vertical and horizontal crustal movements caused by loading/unloading of ice sheets.

Federmesser 

Federmesser – Small tanged projectile point of the Late Magdalenian/Federmessergruppen (c. 13–12 Ka) in Northern Europe.

Epigraphy 

Epigraphy – Study of inscriptions carved on durable materials, crucial for identifying ancient peoples and administrations.

Drumlin

Drumlin – Streamlined hill of glacial till moulded beneath fast-flowing ice, aligned with palaeo-ice direction.

Doggerland

Doggerland – Submerged Pleistocene landmass once linking Britain to the Continent, inundated 11–8 Ka by rising seas.

Bølling–Allerød

Bølling–Allerød – Warm interstadial (14.7–12.9 Ka) that triggered rapid ice retreat and human recolonisation of northern Europe.

AMOC 

AMOC – Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, the heat-transporting “conveyor belt” of Atlantic currents that shapes Europe’s climate.

AMS dating

AMS dating – Accelerator-Mass-Spectrometry radiocarbon dating that counts individual ¹⁴C atoms, allowing high-precision ages from milligram samples.

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