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Afterdamp

Afterdamp – Description given to the gases (noxious) remaining in a mine after an explosion, usually with a high content of Carbon Dioxide

Adit

Adit or Drift – A tunnel driven from the surface underground or driven between seams. Used for pumping, transport, ventilation and

Younger Dryas

Younger Dryas – Abrupt cold reversal (12.9–11.7 Ka) that stalled deglaciation and forced cultural adjustments.

Holocene

Holocene – Present interglacial (11.7 Ka–today) featuring warming, sea-level rise and the full development of human civilisation.

Pleistocene

Pleistocene – Earlier Quaternary epoch (2.6 Ma–11.7 Ka) dominated by alternating glacials and interglacials; includes the “Last Ice Age.”

Quaternary

Quaternary – Current geological period (2.6 Ma–present) encompassing the Pleistocene and Holocene and marked by repeated glacial cycles.

Hallstatt culture

Hallstatt culture – Early European Iron Age horizon (~800–450 BC) centred in Central Europe, known for elite burials and salt wealth.

Bronze Age

Bronze Age – Era of copper–bronze metallurgy (~2.5–0.8 Ka) with social stratification, long-distance trade and the first large field systems.

Neolithic

Neolithic – Onset of farming, pottery and sedentary life (~6–2.5 Ka in Europe), often launched by Cardial, Linearbandkeramik or Impressed-ware expansions.

Mesolithic

Mesolithic – Post-glacial hunter-gatherer phase (~12–6 Ka; regional ranges vary) marked by microlithic technology and broad-spectrum foraging.

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