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Shales are a type of fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud. They are characterized by their tendency to split into thin layers, a property called fissility. Shales are among the most abundant sedimentary rocks, accounting for about 60% of the sedimentary rock column. They can be found in various environments, including ancient seas, river …

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Yoredale limestones are part of a Carboniferous geological series found in northern England, particularly in the Yorkshire Dales. They are characterized by a cyclical alternation of marine limestones, mudstones, sandstones, and occasional coal seams, often within a deltaic environment. These limestones are generally thinner and darker than the Great Scar Limestone further south.

A hay meadow is a field or area of grassland primarily used for growing grass that is then cut and dried to make hay, which is used as animal feed. Hay meadows are a traditional part of farming, providing a rich habitat for diverse plant and animal life.

A riffle crossing in the context of a river refers to a type of river crossing designed to allow for movement of water, fish, and other aquatic life while also considering potential impacts on the river ecosystem. Riffle crossings are a more natural and less disruptive way to cross a river than traditional bridge structures.

Whimsey Engine, Engine, Whim. Whim Gin – Was a term first applied to a windlass and then to whim gins (Horse driven winding device). By the early 19th Century, it was usually applied to steam winding engines (Fire Engines).

Upcast – The Shaft used, in conjunction with a furnace (or later, a fan) through which the expelled air (and gases) from the mine travel to atmosphere

Stoopings – Regional term for pillar of coal left to support the roof above the workings.

Staple Shaft – A vertical Shaft in a mine which does not connect with the surface, usually between seams to prove coal measures.

Shaft – Vertical entry to a mine, latterly using powered winding gear and cages to supply, ride men and materials and take out coal. Formerly, using a windlass or other manual means of winding. Usually sited in pairs. (Upcast and Downcast). Since Hartley Colliery Disaster, 1862.

Overman – The Underground Manager (Oversman in Scotland)