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Scotch Corner form – Rectangular 100-hole tray defined by A1 excavations (AD 20-60). Smaller 4–6 mm pits enable rapid casting of bronze or debased silver pellets, signalling mass-token production on the eve of Roman conquest.

Verulamium form – Classic 50-hole pentagonal Pellet-mould type from St Albans and Old Sleaford (c. 30 BC–AD 20). Pit diameter c. 7–8 mm, optimised for gold-silver staters; its presence north of the Humber marks technological transfer.

Pellet-mould tray – Fired-clay plate impressed with rows of hemispherical pits. Molten metal poured across the surface solidifies in each hollow, yielding uniform balls (“pellets”) that are reheated and struck into Iron-Age coin blanks.

Univallate hillforts are those that have a single circuit of ramparts or defensive walls surrounding an area. They are one type of hillfort, which are fortified settlements built on hilltops or high ground, often used during the Iron Age in Britain and Ireland. Examples of univallate hillforts include Mam Tor and Old Oswestry.

Holocene Epoch (11,700 years ago – present day) – We are currently living in the Holocene Epoch. The Holocene is a brief flash of time compared to previous epochs and is, in reality, just an interglacial period of the current ice age. All of recorded human history has occurred entirely within the Holocene.

Namurian sandstone is a type of Carboniferous sandstone found in various parts of the UK, particularly in areas like Sheffield, Bristol, and Wales. It’s part of the larger Namurian Stage, a period of the Carboniferous period, which ranged from roughly 331 to 319 million years ago. Namurian rocks, including sandstones, gritstones, mudstones, and Shales, are …

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Stoss (Stoß), a German word meaning “shock” or “impact”, may refer to: Stoss (geography), a term describing the side of a landform that faces an advancing glacier. Stoss means to face toward the direction from which an overriding glacier impinges.

A glacial erratic, often simply called an erratic, is a rock or boulder that has been transported by a glacier and deposited in a location different from its origin. These rocks are distinct from the surrounding bedrock and can be a variety of sizes, from pebbles to large boulders.

Glaciolacustrine laminations refer to the layering of sediments, primarily silt and clay, deposited in glacial lakes. These laminations, also known as varves, are formed by seasonal variations in sediment input and lake stratification. They are a common feature of glacial lake environments and can be used to date and interpret past glacial events.

The “Dimlington” in the context of ice sheets refers to the Dimlington Stadial, a term used to describe the main glacial episode of the Late Devensian in Britain. This period, which lasted between 26,000 and 13,000 years before present, is characterized by the expansion of the British-Irish Ice Sheet. The Dimlington Stadial is a specific …

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